Ribose and glucose are bothmonosaccarides but they differ in number of carbons present. Ribose has 5 carbon atoms, while glucose has 6 carbon atoms. 

Carbohydrates are usually used for short term storage. Carbohydrates are soluble in water which makes carbohydrates easy to transport around the body . Also, carbohydrates are a lot easier and more rapidly digested so their energy is useful if the body requires energy fast.

Bacteria = 1μm
Organelles = up to 10 μm
Eukaryotic cells = up to 100 μm

Thermal properties of water include heat capacity, boiling and freezing points and the cooling effect of evaporation.

Cohesion is the effect of hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together. Water moves up plants because of cohesion. Long columns of water can be sucked up from roots to leaves without the columns breaking. The hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules sticking to each other.

The solvent properties of water mean that many different substances can dissolve in it because of its polarity.

Stem cells have the ability to produce a wide range of cells which means that they are pluripotent. They retain their ability to divide and produce many different cells by cell division and the process of differentiation. For example, one type of stem cells in the bone marrow produce a variety of red and white blood cells.

Organic compounds are compounds that are found in living organisms and contain carbon. Inorganic compounds are the ones that don’t contain carbon.  

Membrane proteins can act as hormone binding sites, electron carriers, pumps for active transport, channels for passive transport and also enzymes. In addition they can be used for cell to cell communication as well as cell adhesion.

• Take a measurement of the drawing (width or length)

• Take this same measurement of the specimen  

• Remember to convert units if needed to

• Place your values into the equation: Magnification = length of drawing / length of actual specimen                                   

Water can evaporate at temperatures below the boiling point. Hydrogen bonds need to break for this to occur. The evaporation of water cools body surfaces (sweat) and plant leaves (transpiration) by using the energy from liquid water to break the hydrogen bonds.

When it enters the cytoplasm, it raises the solute concentration which causes water to enter by osmosis.

Glucose is used as an

energy source for the body 

Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

When the cell increases in size so does its chemical activity. This means that more substances need to be taken in and more need to be removed. The surface area of the cell is vital for this. Surface area affects the rate at which particles can enter and exit the cell, whereas the volume affects the rate at which material are made or used within the cell, hence the chemical activity per unit of time. 

Sulfur

Sulfur

Calcium

Phosphorus

Iron

Sodium

It is present in eukaryotic cells

Function: carries materials though the cell and aids in making proteins

• 
• Can be used for energy storage in the form of fat in humans and oil in plants.
• Can be used as heat insulation as fat under the skin reduces heat loss. 
• Allow buoyancy as they are less dense than water and so animals can float in water. 

Ribosome

Thickness of cell membrane = 10 nm

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Mitochondria

Cell membranes are made up of a double layer of these phospholipid molecules. This is because in water the hydrophilic heads will face the water while the hydrophobic tails will be in the center because they face away from the water. The phospholipid bilayer makes the membrane very stable but also allows flexibility. The phospholipid in the membrane are in a fluid state which allows the cell to change it’s shape easily.

maginified size / magnification

• Response to stimuli